Project Sponsor Interview Essay - 1878 Words

Project Sponsor Interview Sean Smith PM 511 Dale Wilen March 7, 2010 Abstract The internet places vast amounts of information at our fingertips. More and more customers view the website first before they visit a store or make contact with the company. A company’s web page is becoming the face of the corporation in today’s marketplace. The design of that web page can either entice or detract a potential customer from seeking assistance. Web page design companies use project managers to supervise web page construction for corporate and government clients. The success or failure of these pages depends on the use of sound project planning and metrics. Practical use of these metrics will win†¦show more content†¦Starting a project can be intimidating for some managers. It is important that the manager knows how they should start the process. The team usually starts off the project with a â€Å"kickoff meeting.† The team sits down together and starts to plan the schedule and budget. The input from the customer is anal yzed and an overall design sense is mapped out. Project costs are weight and compared to the wants of the customer. His team is usually working on two to three projects at any given time. Some are small and some are large, but each is produced with quality in mind. Your finished project is what the customer sees and critiques. Josh stressed that deadlines can fluctuate. The scope can change if the customer decides to add or subtract requirements for the design. Clients will ask for more or different elements to be added, even during the later stages of the project. Each project has to be looked at in a new light. You cannot treat one client the same as the next. â€Å"We do not produce cookie cutter web applications. Each site or application is tailored to the customer.† He also talked about the budget and the importance of keeping within the guidelines that have been set. When determining the costs of the project, Josh will meet with the team and produce a â€Å" projected cost vs. budget plan.† These estimates are based on how the project will be done, in whatShow MoreRelatedScope Management Plan1122 Words   |  5 PagesDistribution Centre Recruitment Project 27 June 2011 Table of Contents 1.0 Purpose 2 2.0 Scope Management Roles and Responsibilities 2 2.1 Project Sponsor 2 2.2 Project Team 2 2.3 Project Stakeholders 2 3.0 Scope Management Planning 3 4.0 Scope Statement 3 5.0 Scope Control 3 6.0 Scope Verification 3 7.0 Approvals 4 1.0 Purpose The purpose of this Scope Management Plan is to define the scope for the Slow Mail Distribution Centre Recruitment Project. This Scope Management PlanRead MoreProject Management Interview Protocol.1650 Words   |  7 PagesPart I - Project Management Interview Protocol Opening: I wanted to start this interview by thanking you Greg, for taking the time to meet with me today. I understand you are currently employed as a project manager, and since I am interested in this field of work, your willingness to help me understand more about project management is greatly appreciated. Personal Interpretations of Project Management: 1. How would you define project management? (Open-ended) 2. Why did you decided to becomeRead MoreFactors That Affect The Overall Success Of Cloud Computing Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesseveral factors that affect the overall success of cloud computing. Customer is considering the migration of some workloads to a cloud provider, and they seek knowledge and experience with assessing the fit and feasibility of these applications. PROJECT GOALS The outcome of this Application assessment TCO is to provide the Customer with a quantified analysis for each identified application to make an informed business decision about the migration of each. A consultant will discover and analyzeRead MoreAlthough Today’S Imaging Technologies Are High Quality1526 Words   |  7 Pagesredundancies that can undermine any organization’s best efforts. It seems that the project had successfully achieved its goals through the DMAIC methodology. However, it was defected in many areas per the 10-point checklist. â€Æ' Evaluation Link to Strategic Imperatives The author emphasized critical-to-quality (CTQ) metrics gathered from the voice of the customer (VOC) information which include stakeholder interviews, exam volume, exam duration and other related matrices. The study has built threeRead MoreTeam Based Organizations And Its Impact On Organizational Performance, Increase Efficiency, And Enhance Customer Satisfaction1449 Words   |  6 Pagesstructure, trust, and sponsors. Shared Leadership Similar to other team-based organizations, the organizational structure is flat and leadership activities are distributed among team members at Gore. Perhaps unlike other organizations, job assignments at Gore are negotiated among cohorts (Hamel, 2010b). Since team members have different levels of expertise that can benefit the group, their role within a team is oftentimes dependent on their expertise concerning a particular project (Paulson, WajdiRead MoreEvaluating The Performance Of A Six Sigma Project1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthe creative technologies. The critique essay aims to evaluate the performances of a six sigma projectï ¼Å'Applying Six Sigma to Improve Diagnostic Imaging, by using the 10-point checklist which was determined by Thomas and Arne. The 10-point checklist is used to evaluate ongoing six sigma project at specific milestones and part of the lesson was learned after project completion then the company can find project failures and drive a sustainable growth bu siness. Summary Although today’s imaging technologiesRead MoreThe Risk Management Plan Is Not Required, When You Want And Neglect Timelines ( P512 )881 Words   |  4 Pagesmentality about military spending is a perfect example of why the sponsor thinks the risk management plan is considered irrelevant. The sponsor does not want their limitations exposed to the Army. He feels that, they would lose the contract if the risks were exposed. I do not agree with this approach. It is extremely unethical and this decision could ruin the future success of your company. What is really disturbing is that the sponsor does not understand the severity of this military contract. AsRead MoreThe CHAOS Manifesto1349 Words   |  6 Pagesglobal project statistics specifically concentrated on the United States and Europe. The report is based on four Standish Services: the CHAOS knowledge center, DARTS (Demand Assessment Requirements Tracking Survey), Executive Sponsor Workshops and Executive Interviews. Al though the manifesto concentrates on statistics primarily whereas, the 2012 report talks about the various success factors of an executive sponsor as leadership plays a crucial role in deciding the success or failure of a project. TheRead MoreNew Leading Edge Technology With The People And Process Steps1699 Words   |  7 PagesLink to Strategic Imperatives This project shows a high link to strategic imperatives. The goal of the project is to align new leading edge technology with the people and process steps involved in administering the tests from those technologies to ensure the patient care output is both safe and cost-effective. This Six Sigma approach focuses mainly on optimizing time and human and equipment resources. With this optimization, they can achieve improved service delivery, reduced costs, and enhancedRead MoreResearch Methodology On Agile Project Management1734 Words   |  7 Pagesquestionnaire and interview questions can be obtained in Appendix. 3.2 Prestudy and Approach ( Literature Review ) The purpose of literature review in this dissertation is to provide knowledge to sponsor on what benefits and possibilities that comes with Agile Project Management. The first source to information is gathered through studying relevant literature review which gives this dissertation further insight of strength and limitation of both traditional and agile project management as well

The Sociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills - 1947 Words

The Sociological Imagination is an idea that was brought up in a paper written by a sociologist, C. Wright Mills. The paper states that this particular ‘imagination’ â€Å"enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals† (Mills 5). This means that all people are able to see themselves in not only their own present life but in the â€Å"bigger picture† or the history of the area in which they are inhabiting; each person is able to compare the present day conditions and the historical ones to notice similarities and to see how the area and the people have changed and how the past could have and did have an effect on the present conditions. One very relevant point that has to do with seeing yourself in a bigger picture has to do with stepping away from the â€Å"banking education† that Feire talks about in his article. Higher education such as college or a university doesn’t follow this method of teaching quite as much as high school does, the students step away from being fed information and they are more able to see their own standing in society. The Sociological Imagination is an important concept because it allows people to see themselves not only in their own life but to also see how the world they are raised in has impacted their biggest life decisions. Each individual in the class has their own story about what path brought him or her here to Binghamton University.Show MoreRelatedThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills857 Words   |  4 PagesThe sociological imagination is simply the act of having the capacity to think ourselves away from the commonplace schedules of our day by day lives keeping in mind the end goal to take a gander at them with a new perspective. C. Wright Mills, who made the idea and composed a book about it, characterized the sociological creative ability as the clear attention to the connection amongst encounter and the more extensive society. The sociological imagination is the capacity to see things sociallyRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills907 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual s life a person will experience what C. Wright Mills refers to as the trap. The trap alludes to a person that can only see and understand their own small scope of life. Their frame of reference is limited to their day to day life and personal experiences that are directly related to them, they cannot see the bigger picture. They do not yet know that the sociological imagination can set them free from this trap and as C. Wright Mills said, In many ways it is a terrible lesson; in manyRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills1315 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. This is its task and its promise.† C. Wright Mills writes about the sociological imagination in an attempt to have society become aware of the relationship between one’s personal experience in comparison to the wider society. By employing the sociological imagination into the real world, individuals are forced to perceive, from a neutral position, social structures that, inRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills986 Words   |  4 PagesMills Chapter Summary â€Å"Yet Men do not usually define the troubles they endure in terms of historical change and institution contradiction.† Stated from chapter one of â€Å"The Classic Readings in Sociology† which was based on â€Å"The Sociology Imagination† by C. Wright Mills. As our Sociology 131 class study the works of C. Wright Mills, we learn and examine his views. We learn how he view other things such as marriage, war, and the limitations of men. His view of war is that both sides playRead MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills942 Words   |  4 PagesSociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills (1959) â€Å"enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals† (p.5) Mills in this book of The Sociological Imagination explains how society shapes the people. Mills wants people to be able to use sociological imagination to see things in a sociology point of view, so they can know the difference between personal troubles versus personal issuesRead MoreSociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesI SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION CONCEPTUALIZATION As conceived by C. Wright Mills, sociological imagination is the mental ability to establish intelligible relations among social structure and personal biography that is observing and seeing the impact of society over our private lives. Sociological imagination helps an individual to understand on a much larger scale the meaning and effect of society on of one’s daily life experience. People blame themselves for their own personal problems and they themselvesRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills799 Words   |  4 Pages The sociological imagination, a concept used by C. Wright Mills, is essentially the ability to perceive a situation or act in a much larger social context as well as examining the situation or act from many perspectives. In particular, it plays a paramount role in Donna Gaines Teenage Wasteland. It is a tragic story of 4 teens who together, committed suicide. The teens were deemed as â€Å"dropouts, druggies† [Teenage Wasteland 8.2 ] by newspapers and were still treated with disdain even after theirRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills1822 Words   |  8 PagesC. Wright Mills defines the sociological imagination as, â€Å"what they need, and what they feel they need, is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves†. Mills also says that the sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. When I read Chapter One: The Promise from C. WrightRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills1692 Words   |  7 Pagesentire life, can be determined by examining his or her intellect, high school performance, and talents. However, C. Wright Mills proposes a new approach to this idea in his work, â€Å"The Promise.† Mills presents an idea known as the sociological imagination, which examines society on a larger scale to better grasp an individual’s life circumstances (Mills 2). The sociological imagination examines the role of social forces on the lives of individuals (Butler-Sweet, September 5, 2017). For example,Read MoreThe Sociological Imagination, C. Wright Mills1268 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel, The Sociological Imagination, C. Wright Mills is trying to present the concept of how an individual’s ability is able to develop reason by using the information surrounding him. Mills explains that the sociological imagination is an important concept because it is what differentiate sociology from other social sciences such as political science or economic. It is the concept that will help people to have a better understanding of our world, to be clear of the connections within society

Speech Recognition Principles And Applications Essay Research free essay sample

Speech Recognition: Principles And Applications Essay, Research Paper Table of contents Abstract 3 Overview of the Characteristics of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems 4 Number of Words 4 Use of Grammar 5 Continuous vs. Discrete Speech 5 Speaker Dependency 6 Early on Approaches to Automatic Speech Recognition 6 Acoustic-Phonetic Approach 7 Statistical Pattern Recognition Approach 8 Modern Approach to Automatic Speech Recognition 8 Hidden Markov Models 9 Training of an Automatic Speech Recognition System Based on HMMs 11 Sub-Word Unit of measurements 11 Applications of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems 12 Automated Call-Type Recognition 13 Data Entry 13 Future Applications Using Automatic Speech Recognition Systems 14 Decision 14 Mentions 15 Abstraction With the progresss of engineering, a batch of people may believe that incorporating the ability of understanding human address in a computing machine system is a piece of bar. However, scientists disagree. Since the early 19 1950ss, scientists have tried to implement the perfect automatic address acknowledgment system, but they failed. They were successful in doing the computing machine recognise a big figure of words, but till now, a computing machine that understands everything without run intoing any conditions does non be. Due to the tremendous applications, a batch of money and clip is spent in bettering speech acknowledgment systems. SPEECH RECOGNITION: Principles AND APPLICATIONS Nowadays, computing machine systems play a major function in our lives. They are used everyplace get downing with places, offices, eating houses, gas Stationss, and so on. Nonetheless, for some, computing machines still represent the machine they will neer cognize how to utilize. Communicating with a computing machine is done utilizing a keyboard or a mouse, devices many people are non comfy utilizing. Speech acknowledgment solves this job and destroys the boundaries between worlds and computing machines. Using a computing machine will be every bit easy as speaking with your friend. Unfortunately, scientists have discovered that implementing a perfect address acknowledgment system is no easy undertaking. This study will show the rules and the major attacks to speech acknowledgment systems along with some of their applications. Overview of the Characteristics of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems How can we measure a address acknowledgment system? Obviously depicting it by good or bad International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t adequate since the public presentation of such a system may be outstanding in one application and hapless in another. In fact, speech acknowledgment systems are designed harmonizing to the application. Some of these variable features are presented below. Number of Words The major feature of a address acknowledgment system is the figure of words it can recognize. The inquiry that comes to mind is how many words are plenty so that the public presentation of a address acknowledgment system is acceptable. The reply depends on the application ( 6, p98 ) . Some applications may necessitate few words, like automated call-type acknowledgment, others may necessitate 1000s, like informations entry. However, increasing the figure of words or the vocabulary of a address acknowledgment system increases its complexness and decreases its public presentation ( chance of mistake is higher ) ( 6, p.98 ) . Systems with big vocabularies are besides slower since more clip is needed to seek a word in a big vocabulary. Increasing the figure of words isn # 8217 ; t plenty because the address acknowledgment system is unable to distinguish words like # 8216 ; to # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; two # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; right # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; write # 8217 ; ( 6, p.98 ) . Use of Grammar Using grammar, distinguishing words like # 8216 ; to # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; two # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; right # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; write # 8217 ; is possible. Grammar is besides used to rush up a address acknowledgment system by contracting the scope of the hunt ( 6, p.98 ) . Grammar besides increases the public presentation of a address acknowledgment system by extinguishing inappropriate word sequencing. However, grammar doesn # 8217 ; t let random command which is a job for some applications ( 6, p.98 ) . Continuous vs. Discrete Speech When talking to each other, we don # 8217 ; t pause between words. In other words, we use uninterrupted address. However, for speech acknowledgment systems, there is trouble in covering with uninterrupted address ( 6, p.98 ) . The easy manner out will be utilizing distinct address where we pause between words ( 6, p.100 ) . With distinct address input, the soundless spread between words is used to find the boundary of the word, whereas in uninterrupted address, the address acknowledgment system must divide words utilizing an algorithm which is non a hundred per cent accurate. Still, for a little vocabulary and utilizing grammar, uninterrupted address acknowledgment systems are available. They are dependable and do non necessitate great computational power ( 6, p.100 ) . However, for big vocabulary, uninterrupted address acknowledgment systems are really hard to accomplish, necessitate immense computational power, every bit good as being slow. In fact, treating a address sample can t ake three to ten times the clip required for a individual to state it ( 6, p.100 ) . Speaker Dependency Speech acknowledgment system interior decorators must see another of import issue: whether their systems are speaker-dependent or speaker-independent. Each individual pronounces a word otherwise. Although it is easy for worlds to recognize the word # 8216 ; auto # 8217 ; whether an American or an Englishman says it, for speech acknowledgment systems, this is non the instance. Speaker dependence is determined from the application, some may necessitate speaker-dependent systems ( as in informations entry ) , others may necessitate speaker-independent systems ( as in machine-controlled call-type acknowledgment ) ( 6, p.100 ) . Speaker dependence affects greatly the preparation of an automatic address acknowledgment system ( 4, p.42 ) . Early on Approaches to Automatic Speech Recognition When scientists dreamed about a machine capable of understanding spoken linguistic communication, computing machines and ace fast integrated circuits were non available. However, they managed to construct the cardinal rules of speech acknowledgment systems. Several attacks were used, each one with advantages and disadvantages. Two of these attacks are discussed below. Acoustic-Phonetic Approach The theory behind acoustic-phonetic attack is acoustic phonetics. This theory assumes that spoken linguistic communication is divided into phonic units that are finite and peculiar. These phonic units are distinguished by belongingss that are evident in the address signal ( 7, pp.42-43 ) . The procedure by which address is recognised is described briefly in what follows: ab initio, address is divided into sections. Harmonizing to the acoustic belongingss of these sections, an appropriate phonic unit is attached to it. The obtained sequence of units is used to explicate a valid word ( 7, p43 ) . Figure 1: Phonetic sequence for a address sample ( 7, 43 ) . As an illustration, see the sequence of phonic units matched with a sample of address illustrated in figure 1. The symbol # 8216 ; SIL # 8217 ; indicates a silence whereas the perpendicular place of the phonic unit indicates how good it is matched with the corresponding section of address ( the higher, the best lucifer ) . After seeking, we can fit the phonic sequence SIL-AO-L-AX-B-AW-T with the look # 8216 ; all about # 8217 ; . It is obvious that the chosen phonemes are non merely the first picks in the phonic sequence, but besides 2nd ( B and AX ) and 3rd ( L ) picks. Therefore fiting a phonic sequence with a word or a group of words is non obvious ( 7, p.43 ) . In fact, this the chief disadvantage of this attack. Statistical Pattern Recognition Approach In statistical form acknowledgment, the address forms are straight inputted into the system and compared with the forms inputted in the system during preparation ( 7, p.43 ) . Unlike the acoustic-phonetic attack, the address is non segmented nor checked for its belongingss. If adequate forms are inputted to the address acknowledgment system during preparation, it will execute better than the acoustic-phonetic attack. In general, statistical form acknowledgment attack is used more than acoustic-phonetic attack because it is simpler to utilize, invariant to different address vocabularies, and more accurate ( higher public presentation ) ( 7, p.44 ) . Modern Approach to Automatic Speech Recognition With the handiness of computing machines and high velocity microprocessors, more research was done utilizing the immense computational power available to work out the address acknowledgment job. However, scientists, boulder clay now, Don # 8217 ; t cognize the solution. However, they were able to implement new attacks that proved to be much more efficient than earlier methods. Speech acknowledgment systems are able to recognize more words and with more truth ( 3, p.115 ) . Some of these attacks are presented below. Hidden Markov Models ( HMMs ) Address is divided into phonemes. Unfortunately, these phonemes do non stay the same, they change harmonizing to the environing phonemes ( 4, p.44 ) . HMMs are a tool to stand for these alterations mathematically. A Markov theoretical account consists of a figure of provinces linked together with each province matching to a alone end product. Each nexus between two provinces is characterised by a chance called transitional chance ( 4, p.44 ) . Traveling from one province to another O R staying in the same province is map of the corresponding transitional chance ( 2, p.50 ) . A classical illustration exemplifying Markov theoretical accounts is the undermentioned: see a three-state conditions system with province one being rainy, province two cloudy, and province three sunny. Such a system is shown in figure 2 ( transitional chances are added for account below ) . From the diagram, it is clear that if the current twenty-four hours is cheery, the chance of tomorrow being cloudy is 0.1, of tomorrow being rainy is 0.1, of tomorrow being cheery is 0.8 ( 2, p.50 ) . Figure 2: Three-state Markov theoretical account of the conditions ( 2, p.51 ) . This illustration is an discernible Markov theoretical account since we can look into the province we are presently in ( 2, p.50 ) . Nevertheless, speech acknowledgment systems use concealed Markov theoretical accounts since the address fragment is non discernible by the address acknowledgment system ( 2, p.50 ) . In concealed Markov theoretical accounts, a province can stand for many end products, hence, a chance distribution of all possible end products is associated with each province. A diagram of a three-state HMM is shown in figure 3 ( 4, p.44 ) . This figure shows that each province has five possible end products ( A, B, C, D, and E ) happening with a chance harmonizing to b # 8211 ; 1 ( s ) , b2 ( s ) , or b3 ( s ) . HMMs are double probabilistic since the passage from one province to the other and the end product generated at that province are probabilistic ( 4, p.44 ) . Therefore we notice that if we receive a sequence of end products from an HMM, we are non able to retrac e the sequence of provinces that the HMM passed by to acquire that sequence ( 4, p.44 ) . Looking at figure 3, it is apparent that an end product sequence of A-B-C for illustration, can be achieved by any sequence of three provinces ; nevertheless, each sequence of provinces has its ain chance of happening. In speech acknowledgment, each word is represented by a sequence of provinces ( 1, p.53 ) , hence, it is indispensable to happen this sequence for any sequence of end products. In fact, happening this sequence is tantamount to work outing the address acknowledgment job. Figure 3: Three-state hidden Markov theoretical account ( 4, p.44 ) . The sequence of provinces is determined harmonizing to its chance. However, look intoing all the chances of all possible sequences can be really clip consuming, particularly in speech acknowledgment HMMs that are much more complicated than our three-state illustration in figure 3. This job was solved utilizing an algorithm that utilises the fact that the chance of being in a certain province relies on the old province ( 4, p.44 ) . Training of an Automatic Speech Recognition System Based on HMMs As mentioned earlier, a major constituent of an HMM system are the chances between provinces and the chance distribution of each province. To hold a good address acknowledgment system, these chances must alter to factors like linguistic communication, possible figure of talkers, and so on ( 3, p.115 ) . Determining these chances is portion of what is known as developing the address acknowledgment system. This preparation procedure depends on whether we are covering with a speaker-dependent or a speaker-independent address acknowledgment system. In the first instance, address samples are taken from the user and the chances are determined consequently. In the 2nd instance, address samples are accumulated from many talkers in add-on to the text of what was said. In this instance, the preparation procedure is much more complicated since the spectrograph ( step of frequence vs. clip ) of the same word depends on the talker. A preparation procedure consists besides of implementing a dictionary keeping the vocabulary along with a grammar of permitted word sequences ( 4, p.42 ) . Sub-Word Unit of measurements In HMMs, each word is represented by a sequence of provinces ( 1, p.53 ) . A word is recognised from the sequence of provinces that is most likely associated with a sequence of end products. Therefore, the unit for such HMMs is the word. Many scientists believe that utilizing sub-words alternatively of words may better the quality of address acknowledgment ( 1, p.50 ) . To implement sub-word HMMs, a system of sub-word units must by selected. The simplest signifier of sub-word units are phones. Using phones as units for an HMM seems to be the right pick since phones are little in figure and swimmingly trained, but the public presentation of such an HMM is hapless since a phone is affected by the environing phones ( 1, p.53 ) . Another pick of sub-word units are syllables. Similar to phones, syllables are besides affected by environing syllables, but their figure is much greater than phones ( around 20 000 in English ) which make them difficult to develop ( 1, p.53 ) . A new sub-word unit, known as triphone, seem to be the most successful. Triphones solve the job of influence between sub-word units and their surrounding by patterning each phone harmonizing to its right and left neighbor ( 1, p.53 ) . As an illustration, the # 8216 ; t # 8217 ; in # 8216 ; still # 8217 ; will be modelled by the s-t-i triphone ( 1, p.53 ) . The immediate job one can believe of is the big figure of triphones since we are taking each phone and uniting it with all possible left and right phone neighbours. This job can be resolved by utilizing the fact that some triphones can be really similar since many neighboring phones can impact a phone the same manner ( 1, pp.53-54 ) . For illustration, the consequence on the # 8216 ; t # 8217 ; in # 8216 ; still # 8217 ; is similar to the 1 in # 8216 ; steal # 8217 ; ( 1, pp.53-54 ) . Even though the public presentation of the acknowledgment system is affected by such estimates, it remains within acceptable criterions ( 1, p.54 ) . Applications of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems With all the clip and money spend on researches on address acknowledgment systems, person may inquire about the applications of address acknowledgment. This portion will show some of the presently available applications along with some future applications of automatic address acknowledgment systems. Automated Call-Type Recognition An interesting and comparatively simple application of speech acknowledgment systems is machine-controlled call-type acknowledgment. In wage phones, operators are needed to find the call-type of the company ( 7, p.490 ) . Speech acknowledgment may be used alternatively of operators. Five types of calls are available: # 8216 ; roll up # 8217 ; , # 8216 ; naming card # 8217 ; , # 8216 ; operator # 8217 ; for operator assisted calls, # 8216 ; 3rd figure # 8217 ; for 3rd party charge calls, # 8216 ; individual # 8217 ; for person-to-person calls ( 7, p.490 ) . For this application, the address acknowledgment system must be speaker independent and capable of recognizing and descrying the five cardinal words mentioned above in a address sample ( 2, p.52 ) . The job in this application is the high sum of background noise since wage phones are normally available in public topographic points, nevertheless, this job can be solved utilizing appropriate address acknowledgment systems ( low-level talkers, etc. ) ( 2, p.52 ) . Datas Entry Entering informations utilizing address acknowledgment is really practical when executing a manual undertaking ( 6, p.102 ) . A address acknowledgment system for this application is extremely complex and structured since it should incorporate a big vocabulary. For informations entry, speaker-dependent or speaker-independent address acknowledgment systems are available even though speaker-independent systems perform better than speaker-dependent systems. They are besides available for distinct or uninterrupted address ( 6, p.102 ) . Data entry applications are still limited since the public presentation of speech acknowledgment systems in this field is still limited. Future applications utilizing automatic address acknowledgment systems With the increasing public presentation of automatic address acknowledgment systems, companies are more interested in incorporating speech acknowledgment systems in their merchandises. Car makers are interested in replacing all the levers, boss, and buttons by a address acknowledgment system capable of making everything, from raising temperature to locking doors and turning on the wireless ( 5, p.49 ) . In this manner, the electronic content of the auto is increased whereas the mechanical is reduced. This makes the auto easier to plan and construct, hence bing less ( 5, p.49 ) . Others think of using speech acknowledgment systems in kitchen contraptions such as dish washers, ovens, iceboxs. Air-conditioners might some twenty-four hours be voice controlled ( 5, p.49 ) . Decision The gradual but inevitable development of address acknowledgment systems will certainly take to a system that will one twenty-four hours compare to the perfect address acknowledgment device, the human being. New methods and algorithms are researched every twenty-four hours to better the public presentation of speech acknowledgment systems. Will we make a phase where keyboards, buttons, and all input devices become disused? Time will state. Bibliography 1. Holmes, W.J. , A ; Pearce, D.J.B. ( 1993, Vol.11, No.1 ) . Sub-word units for automatic address acknowledgment of any vocabulary. GEC Journal of Research, 49-58. 2. Juang, B.H. , A ; Perdue, R.J. , Jr, A ; Thomson, D.L. ( 1995, March / April ) . Deployable automatic address acknowledgment systems: Progresss and challenges. AT A ; T Technical Journal, 45-54. 3. Kay, R. ( 1998, January ) . Do you hear what I say? . Byte, 115-116. 4. Makhoul, J.F. , A ; Schwartz, R. ( 1997, December ) . The voice of the computing machine is heard in the land ( and it listens excessively! ) . Spectrum, 39-47. 5. Mannes, G. ( 1995, July ) . Machines that listens. Popular Mechanics, 47-49. 6. Markowitz, J. ( 1995, December ) . Talking to machines. Byte, 97-104 7. Rabiner, L. A ; Juang, B.H. ( 1993 ) . Fundamentalss of address acknowledgment. New Jersey. Prentice-Hall.

Phenylketonuria Autosomal Recessive Disorder

Phenylketonuria is inborn error of metabolism. Individual born with this error of metabolism have not ability for metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. The gene with defect location is on chromosome 12 (Williams, 1994). Phenylketonuria is autosomal recessive disorder. The gene with problem must be received from both parents for one to get disease. People who are heterozygous are free from symptom associated with the disease. In European population the incidence is varies from 1 in 5000 to 1 in 20000 (Williams, 1994).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phenylketonuria: Autosomal Recessive Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The abnormal gene is lead to synthesis of phenylalanine hydroxylase with problem. In some cases the enzyme necessary for synthesizes of a cofactor called tetrahydrobiopterin contain the defect. If phenylalanine hydroxylase is not there, phenylalanine is not metabolized and it accumulate i n the body. Its metabolite called phenylpyruvic acid is accumulates also in tissues. The clinical feature of phenylketonuria is: Mental retardation developing at between 4 and 6 months, with psychomotor irritability (Crook, 2006). Pale skin, light eyes, and light hair. This is because those affected have reduced in melanin synthesis. Vomiting and other gastrointestinal tract disorder during the first few weeks after being born. Tremors, jerking movement of limb and seizures are also associations with the disease. A characteristic smell may be found in the urine, breathe, skin and linen of the suffering infants. The odor is called ‘musty’ or ‘mousy’. Infants who suffering from the disease may have generalized eczema. The disease is diagnosed in uterus or immediately after birth. Blood and urine are the most specimens widely used. Unborn babies are screened on phenylketonuria using chorionic villi assays. After birth, infants can be checked using method lik e heel prick test and Guthrie test. Heel prick test is more reliable test of blood. Testing to detection of excess phenylketones in urine, using Guthrie test, though much simple, is not satisfactory as there are many false negative (Baron, 1989). Mothers are also be screened for the disease to avoid overexposure of the unborn baby to excess phenylalanine in uterus. Phenylketonuria should be screened on in all children who have attained the age of six days (Baron, 1989). There is many false positive when the test is done before age six days. The condition management is through following of strict dietary routines. Baby with phenylketonuria are fed by a diet low in phenylalanine. Refusing of food containing Phenylalanine is maintained through life. People who follows this diet routine live normal life. Pregnant women who are known carriers are also told to eat diet low in phenylalanine. Dietary restriction during pregnancy is necessary to avoid exposing the baby to excess maternal phe nylalanine. Exposure to excess phenylalanine in uterus has been shown to causing mental retardation. Artificial sweeteners with aspartame should be avoided also. Aspartame is converted in our human body to phenylalanine. Fish and other sources of long chain fatty acids should be eaten also.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Punnet square diagrams When both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chances getting affected child. Half their children is carriers of the defective gene while 25% will suffering from the disease. This disease is not sex linked; therefore equal risk for all children the get disease. When one parent is normal and the other is carrier, half their children will normal and half will be carriers of the gene with defect. References Baron, D., Whicher, J. T., Lee, K. E. (1989). A New Short Textbook of Clinical Pathology (5th ed.). Bedford Square, London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. Crook, A. M. (2006). Clinical Chemistry and Metabolic Medicine (7th ed.). London: Edward Arnold Ltd. Williams, L. D., Marks, V. (1994). Scientific Foundations of Biochemistry in Clinical Practice (2nd ed.). London: Oxford UP.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phenylketonuria: Autosomal Recessive Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Phenylketonuria: Autosomal Recessive Disorder was written and submitted by user Shang-Chi to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.